Describe the prevention and control of typhoid fever? Mention its main contra indication?

Q. 35. Describe the prevention and control of typhoid fever? Mention its main contra indication? 

 Prevention and control of typhoid fever :-
A. Notification : Enteric fever is a notifiable disease.
B. Isolation : Patient must be nursed in isolation, preferably in a isolation unit.
C. treatment :-      
D. Preventable Measures :-
1. Immunization :- Anti typhoid vaccine are available for active immunization.
2. Community measures:
(i) Provision of safe drinking water. If the water supply is suspected boiling or hyperchlorination is required.
(ii) Sanitary disposal of excreta.
(iii) Food sanitation :- Protection of food from dust and flies.
(iv) Milk should be pasteurized or boiled.
(v) Search for typhoid carriers and their treatment.
(vi) Health education.
(vii) Anti- typhoid vaccine.

Q. 36. Write down the diagnosis, prevention & control & complication of measles ?
 Diagnosis :
A. Clinical features (Clinical diagnosis) :-
a. Prodromal or calarrhal stage :
-Fever
- Running nose
- Red-watery eyes.
- cough
- Photophobia
- Koplik’s spots

b. Eruptive/Exanthematous stage :-
- Maculopapular rash.
- Fever settles and rash begins to fads.

B.Laboratory diagnosis :-
1. Blood count :- Leucocytosis in the early stages by an increase in lymphocytes.
2. Sputum or urine culture: Stained smears show large multinucleated cells.
3. Serological test.
- complement fixation test (CFT)
- Haemagglutination inhibition test

 Prevention & control :-
A. Control Measures :-
1. Isolation:- All patients should be isolated for 10 days from the appearance of the rash.
2. Bed rest until patient becomes afebrile.
3. Supporative treatment :-
(i) Vitamin A supplementation.
(ii) Antibiotic are indicated only if secondary bacterial infection occurs.
4. Immunization of contacts within 2 days of exposure.
B. Preventive measures :- Prevention rests on immunization.
1. Active immunization : A children should be protected by measles vaccine at the age of 9 month.
2. Passive immunization : Human gamma globuline 0.25 ml/kg if given intramuscularly within 5 days of exposure of measles may prevent or modify the attack.